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Prudence… We all are not of the Alpine hunters. Prepare your descents and excursions in full safety. Prepare your hardware
Equipped in mountain, rackets and cross-country skiing, with the Alps in Nepal, the Pyrenees in Canada.
By where to start?
Here some questions which you must absolutely ask you at the time to plan your excursion and to make your search.
What do you want to make?
The mountain like the half mountain offers varied conditions. Do you prefer the rammed runways or powder snow? Do you want to make ski or racket?
Which is your level of experiment and that of the members of your group?
Many destinations, not only alpine, require a good knowledge of displacements in area of avalanche. If you provide for to traverse such sectors, all the members of your group must have followed a special training, to transport the suitable hardware (marks out individual security in mountain, probe of avalanches and shovel) and capacity to only leave itself a difficult situation. Moreover, certain routes require a thorough knowledge of displacements on a glacier, as well as skills in “the car rescue”. If you provide to traverse a sector that you know little about, think of engaging a mountain guide approved by the association of the mountain guides.
Which distance your group will it be able to traverse each day?
Plan your excursion according to the capacities of the member less tried out group. To decide duration of your excursion, as well as distance and route to be traversed, take account of the conditions of the ground, the weather, the quantity of fresh snow, the gain of altitude and the capacities of each one of your companions.
How much nights do you hope to pass in the area?
Are you quite conscious of the dangers which you could run?
You must know the risks (avalanches, lines of , diseases, wounds - wild animals - etc) to which you expose yourselves, to have experience of the prevention of these risks and to know how you will face them if the situation requires it.
Do you can what make in the event of urgency?
To announce an urgency, prepare the useful phone numbers. If you are in a regulated park - it is often the case - (France and foreigner), let know with the distribution frame that you need the aid of the guards of the park. It should be noted that the cell phones do not function everywhere. When you ask of aid, ensure you to be able to indicate most precisely possible where the incident occurred. Do not forget: in the event of urgency in wild medium, the arrival of the helps can be delayed by the weather conditions and by fallen the day. You must thus be able to only clear up you during at least a night more than provided for.
Does somebody know where you are?
Entrust to a relative or a friend trusty the detailed route of your excursion and tell him what to make if you do not return at the hour known as.
Abroad: do you know of which licenses you need?
You must get a pass, to be able to enter certain areas known as “significant”, as well as a license of access if you provide for to spend at least a night there. You inform.
For the excursions: how do you provide for to go until the beginning of the path and to return from there?
It is often difficult to reach the majority of the paths if you do not have a vehicle: always do not count on the services of public transport local, you could have surprises. Dispensaries can help you to organize your displacements, with the alley as with the return (To check the references).
Do you have all that you need?
You will find the list of the hardware below that we recommend to you to bring; you can of course adapt it to your personal preferences. Do not forget that into mountain, the climatic conditions can change quickly: be ready with any possibility.
Clothing
Mantle and pants in Tex
Underclothing (shirt and longjohns)
Doubled mantle (p. e.g. , sleeping bag)
Hot cap and mittens or gloves (and replacements)
Gaiters or covers boots
Synthetic fiber or wool socks and scalings of socks evacuating perspiration
Polar fleece pants and jacket
Equipment of winter
Scandinavian ski tourings, or rackets
Boots and sticks
One day backpack
Individual beacon of security in mountain, probe of avalanches and shovel
Leger necessary of repair (spare parts for fixings, tools)
Equipment allowing to move on a glacier in full safety
Skins of rise (for the skiers)
Other essential items
Food (with high content of calories)
Water, insulating bottle
License of access to the back-country (for the excursions of more than one day)
Topographic card
Lighter or matches the water proof
Chandelle
Waste bags
Frontal or, spare batteries
First-aid kit
Personal medicines
Signal device (whistle, mirror)
Hedging of help or bag bivouac
Sunblock and balsam for the lips
Pencil and paper
Toilet paper
Knife
Compass
We recommend absolutely
Water purifier
Binoculars
Altimeter
Cell phone or mobile phone GMS
Camera
Twist
Toilet articles
Aircraft GPS
Knuckles
Clothing of replacement at the beginning of the path
Radio post (to get information about the local radios of the parks, in particular for the weather)
Hardware of parking installation (for the excursions of more than one day)
Backpack
Try
Mattress of ground
Accessories of kitchen and ustensils
Stove and fuel
Additional fuel to dissolve ice or snow
Note the useful, important, vital numbers and inform
Before undertaking your excursion, take note of last opinions (warnings, closings, etc) displayed with the kiosk of the beginning of the path.
Report of avalanche Warnings and closings Situation report on the routes Situation report on the paths Primordial: consult the most recent news bulletins?
Check the following bulletins before making your reservations and again before your departure. Web and local radios (the parks often have a local radio).
Other information
Regulations
If you spend at least a night in the area, you must have on you, in any time, for certain areas, a license of access to the back-country validates (Attention, certain countries imprison easily)
The food and the toilet articles must be arranged out of reach animals (suspend them with cables or between shafts).
Bring back all your waste with you (medical briefcases, layers, remainders of food, aluminum paper, etc).
It is unthinkable to move or remove any natural or cultural purpose.
The pets must be obliged to leaves in any time. You should perhaps leave them at the house.
The access to the rammed basic ski slopes is often interdict with the dogs, the access to certain shelters also.
It is interdict to nourish, of touching or disturbing the wild animals.
The history of the is closely related to that of the men, there since it is a question of one in the most conventional ways of moving, the traveller carrying with him all the hardware requirement to nourish and spend the night. Daily newspaper of the merchants and smugglers of formerly, the trek has, today still, a small perfume of adventure: it requires a physical good condition, the capacity to be directed in natural environment and naturally the taste of nature, sometimes wild.
Today, the follower of the systematically any more does not carry his house on his back (tries and hardware of parking installation, or sleeping bag and covers): he has readily recourse to an existing infrastructure, as the huts of the CASE. With less, of course, that it is not in an area well off any form of civilization…
With time, various alternatives of this sport developed, which allowed, on a side, to know areas accessible only to foot and, other, still offer, in a world of all the extremes, the adventure and the discovery of still virgin areas (Forwarding).
The followers of the seek above all the charms of nature, possibly a minimal infrastructure along the selected course (p. e.g. bridges to cross the ones). Except for some rare exceptions, nature almost does not suffer from the passage of the followers of the trek with bivouac.
Basic altitude (up to 3.eters) on easy paths - This kind of request a physical good condition.
of average altitude (up to 4.eters) - This kind of demand for more than one physical good condition, a drive of functioning in high mountains. Advised preparation.
- in high-altitude (up to 5.eters) - This kind of request, in addition to the requirements for the first two categories, several days of functioning and the line of several necks to the top of 4,eters. preparation necessary.
- (> 6.eters) obligatory Preparation.
Practical of the trek
In a strict sense, the trek is one of the forms of the excursion: the aim is to carry out a certain course in a rather long period of time, without the aid of any infrastructure. One spends the night to open air, under tent or in bivouac (covers, stone igloo or shelter).
It is precisely the renouncement of any infrastructure which distinguishes the from long walks, like p. e.g. that of the path of St-Jacques, marked out inns or huts. Nowadays, the term of “” or “” became a general term indicating an excursion of a place to another. One leaves bag to the back, to eat and spend the night in a hut and to carry on his route the next day, always further. One can leave for three days as for three months.
Conditions
The decorated nights in outside (with open air, under tent, in bivouac or in a hut), during which all the hardware and food necessary must be transported, is not appropriate inevitably for each one. It requires a physical good condition first of all, since one must all relate to oneself. To be strong on the psychological level can also appear invaluable, because, according to the course chosen, it happens that one moves away from the civilization lasting of the days. Lastly, it is essential to know how to behave in nature (p. e.g. compared to the conditions of weather or with the ) and to react in an adequate way in the event of accident.
To launch out in a trek with nights in bivouac requires that one carry a rather important hardware. It is necessary however that the various purposes are of easy handling and a limited weight: to avoid durable lesions, the weight of the transported hardware should never exceed 15 to 20 percent of the weight of the carrier.
One should at least be equipped with good shoes of excursion, able to hold the shock, of sticks of functioning, a jacket of rain and a comfortable backpack and regulated well. In this bag, there will be care to put water reserves and of food, warm clothing of replacement, the cards necessary and a small pharmacy of help. According to the selected courses and the possibilities of lodging at disposal, the , a mattress of ground, a tent, a stove, reserves of food and a Thermos bottle can be extremely useful.
On courses containing for example throats or glaciers, which expose the hiker to increased dangers, it is necessary to be oneself sufficiently hardened or to be made accompany by a qualified guide. On the legal level, it is also necessary to know on which ground one has the right to venture; various laws settle this question. In the territories where nature, fauna and the flora are under protection, it is interdict to leave the paths. A meticulous preparation and a study of the course before the departure prevent many bad surprise during the (p. e.g. real difficulty, layout, places of lodging, water supply points, weather).
Attraction and influence of nature on the follower of the trek
The attraction of the is especially that of going in nature and melting themselves there during some time, and carrying out a more or less long course thanks to its own forces. The hiker seeks above all nature, the wellbeing, a feeling of freedom and independence, reason for which it preferably chooses places as distant as possible from civilization: forests, and , but also high plains or even deserts.
Certain followers of the , eager to be measured with nature, choose their courses according to the difficulty, on the physical or mental level. The effort, rewarded by the observation enthralling for fauna and an intact nature, is worth undoubtedly the sorrow of it.
One takes always readily paths or paths and it is also possible to be identified thanks to average auxiliaries like the small stone pyramids marking out the path, but all that is not strictly essential: it is completely possible to choose its own course, using cards and of a compass, while being identified compared to details of the ground and, more and more often, thanks to the GPS. To cross thus out of the paths of the territories relatively distant from any civilization requires nevertheless that one adheres to fauna and the flora, while avoiding absolutely choosing to camp an area under protection.
A little history
The term of “” comes us from low German and Dutch “”, which means “to fire something”. It passed in Afrikaans, where it means “to fire a carriage or a charge”. This word now gained the French-speaking world by the means of the English term “”.
Nowadays, one hardly any more fires from charges behind oneself than in typical examples, with the image of the excursions with cross-country skiing where the hardware is placed on a toboggan, called „ “, which is tractor drawn by the skier. Generally, the hiker carries his hardware on the back, the fact of transporting by carriers or of placing on mules or camels.
It is only at the 20th century that the gained its popularity like activity of leisure. However, the fact of being on the way several days without being able to be based on any infrastructure does not have absolutely anything again: since centuries, caravans faced inhospitable regions, with the dubious routes (the famous Silk route, but also many deserts and necks).
Today, the followers of the wish above all to move of a place to another by their own means, without having recourse to an unspecified aid. From this point of view, the parts of the world still having no road infrastructure or railway, accessible to foot only, exert a very specific attraction. The mode is currently with the in the Himalayas, but the various routes of the mountains of North America and the South, and of the Alps, also attract many .
Followers of the
The with nights in bivouac is not as widespread by far as the excursion, largely practiced on our premises. The followers of the make also readily excursion, would be this only because the is very greedy in time - a rare good nowadays! Moreover, when a is planned, they are especially the more remote regions and exotics which attract the followers of this sport: The Himalayas, Scandinavia or South America. Owing to the fact that such courses suppose a physical good condition and the renouncement of any form of comfort or luxury, it is especially of young people who practice this type of holidays.
Nature
Waitings towards nature
The practice of the trek is possible in almost all natural spaces which woke up the interest of the . In addition to the motivation related to the landscape of the region chosen, the latter must be as distant as possible from any form of civilization. A minimal infrastructure is always welcome, that it is a bridge to cross a or a summary marking in a difficult ground. However, any person eager to launch out in a can be directed by her own means, by means of a card and of a compass and does not have absolutely to depend on a preexistent structure. Quite to the contrary: what one seeks, it is precisely the impression to be lost in full nature, in the middle of nowhere. Negotiable instruments on nature
In general, the with bivouac belongs to the sports which have only few consequences on natural spaces. The stays of this type in nature even allow, more than other sports activities, to become more conscious of the characteristics of the latter. However, paths of badly located can pose to problems on the ecological level, when well even they have the advantage of exerting the function of channels, to which the are directed towards less significant spaces, ecologically speaking, with the repeated passage of the walkers.
The must adhere to the principles in force and various prohibitions governing the passage in certain areas in special matter (protection of fauna and the flora, military sectors closed with the public, areas whose input is forwarded to authorization): its honor is concerned! According to the local rules (canton or country) into force, it is interdict to bivouac on private grounds or that is not possible that with the agreement of the owner.
Parking installation with open air
A cardinal principle, to adhere to in all circumstances: anything else leave behind you only the traces of your shoes and anything else take with you only your memories.
It can nevertheless happen that crossed natural space undergoes the negative effects of the passage of the , p. e.g. if the latter are accompanied by a gundog, carry protected plants, let trail waste or leave the paths. This last case relates to only areas sensitive at the ecological level; elsewhere, to leave a path does not forward a great risk for nature. Prohibitions to leave the paths are ecologically justified only in the areas where a sensitive vegetation (p. e.g. peat bog of mountain) or protected spaces of animals is (capercaillie, eagle, beaver): this way, one can protect these species in a targeted way.
The shafts should not undergo the negotiable instruments of the passage of the : everywhere the cut of shafts, even at ends of constructions of bivouacs, is absolutely prohibited.
If a fire is lit, it is necessary to take care that the site chosen, as well as the damage with nature which could result from it, are as reduced as possible, for example by building a stone edge around the chamber to avoid any propagation of fire outside. Fire and the embers must imperatively be extinct with water before leaving the site, this in order to avoid forest fires. When the climate is too dry and/or when the wind blows too extremely, it is strongly advised not to light any fire: one would be wrong to underestimate the risk to cause thus a forest fire absolutely devastator!
Alternatives of the trek
The degree of difficulty of the depends of course on the physical condition of the participants and the nature of the ground. With the remainder, the can take various forms:
Winter parking installation
with foot, on a ground without snow, and carrying oneself the hardware. According to the characteristics of the selected countries and the importance of the (number of the participants, duration), the hardware will be transported by carriers or beasts of burden (camels, mules, donkeys), or on board cross-country vehicles.
* on covered with #FFFFFF ground, with skis or in rackets: in this case, the hardware is related directly to the back or is tractor drawn in a . The in its form more , often professional, is forwarding.
Forwarding
Forwarding is characterized by long and meticulous preparation and an unfolding in a difficult ground, often using special equipment.
In regions distant from any form of human civilization, almost without any path nor marking, some seek - intentionally - the limits of their physical resistance. The participants in this kind of expose themselves to big risks (altitude, infection risks, abrupt weather changes), risks being able to be reduced toan acceptable rate thanks to the experiment, adequate equipment and a good planning.
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